Judo

Judo is a martial art that was born in Japan, and it is now known around the world as an Olympic sport. Judo was established in 1882 by combining jujitsu, a form of wrestling, with mental discipline. The roots of jujitsu lie in sumo, which has a long, long history; sumo is mentioned in the Nihon shoki (Chronicle of Japan), a document from 720 that describes the history of Japan from the mythical age of the gods until the time of Empress Jito, who reigned from 686 to 697.

From the twelfth to the nineteenth century Japan was ruled by the samurai, a class of professional soldiers. This provided fertile ground for various martial arts to develop. In addition to fighting with swords and bows and arrows, the samurai developed jujitsu to fight enemies at close quarters on the battlefield. Several different styles of jujitsu evolved, and hand-to-hand combat spread as an important form of military training.

The era of samurai rule came to an end with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, and Western culture began filtering in into Japanese society. Jujitsu fell into decline, but the enthusiasm of one young man rescued it from extinction. That man was Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo as we know it today. Kano excelled in schoolwork but had an inferiority complex about his small physique. So he became an apprentice of Yanosuke Fukuda, a master of the Tenjin Shin'yo school of jujitsu, when he was 17 and worked to become stronger. In May 1882, when he was just 21 years old, he took the best things about each jujitsu style and created a single new school. This was the birth of modern judo. At first he had just nine students, and the dojo (practice hall) measured just 12 jo (about 24 square yards).

Kano went to Europe in 1889 to introduce judo outside of Japan. A famous episode occurred aboard a ship during his voyage: When a foreigner made fun of Kano, he threw the man down but put his hand under the man's head to prevent him from getting hurt. This illustrated how judo combined practical fighting techniques with thoughtfulness for one's enemy. Kano always maintained a global point of view, serving as a member of the International Olympic Committee, and worked tirelessly to spread judo around the world.

Kano's dream came true at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964, where men's judo was recognized as an official Olympic event. Medals were awarded to competitors in various weight divisions, and Japanese competitors swept the gold in all except the open division, where a non-Japanese champion was crowned. This was a sign that judo had already taken root in countries outside Japan. Women's judo was introduced as a demonstration event at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and was added to the official program at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992.

Currently some 184 countries and regions are members of the International Judo Federation International Judo Federation International Judo Federation. The sport is particularly popular in Europe. In fact, many more people in France practice judo than in Japan. Japan is continuing to promote judo in other countries, such as by sending instructors to regions where judo is not so well known--like Africa and Oceania--and donating secondhand judo uniforms.

Judo matches are fought between two people on a square mat measuring between 8 to 10 meters per side. There is one head referee and two assistant referees. Any one of 67 throwing techniques and 29 grappling techniques may be used to win.

Scores are awarded for various techniques, the highest being ippon, when you throw your opponent so that their back completely touches the mat. This ends the bout immediately, like a knockout in boxing. Another way to end the match is to compel the opponent to submit by saying "Maitta!" (I give up) or tapping their hand twice on the mat or on their body. You can also gain points for skillful attacks, even if they do not lead to ippon. The referees award points depending on how good these moves are, from wazaari to yuko and koka, in descending order. Two wazaari count as an ippon, ending the contest. Yuko and koka never add up to ippon, but the accumulation of lesser scores is frequently what determines who wins.

Holding your opponent down against the mat also results in an ippon after 25 seconds or when they submit. It counts as a wazaari after 20 seconds, yuko after 15 seconds, and koka after 10 seconds.

Points are awarded not only for good moves but also penalties committed by your opponent, such as stalling, moving out of the mat, or refusing to attack. Illegal or dangerous techniques, moreover, can lead to disqualification. There are several levels of rule infringement. The least serious is shido, but when committed twice it is counted as a more serious chui. Still more serious is keikoku. If the score at the end of the match is even, the three referees decide the winner by each raising a flag to signal who they think fought better.

One of the appeals of judo is the emphasis on etiquette, which shows that you respect your opponent. Contestants bow seven times before and after a match, for instance, bending their upper bodies forward at an angle of about 30 degrees. They bow when they enter and leave the competition area, before stepping onto and after coming off the mat, when facing the opponent at the start and end of a match, and when the referee announces the result.